[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1026},["ShallowReactive",2],{"reference-phase-diagrams":3},{"table":4},{"id":5,"slug":6,"title":7,"shortTitle":8,"category":9,"description":10,"metaDescription":11,"chart":12,"columns":970,"rows":988,"entryCount":999,"source":1000,"notes":1002,"relatedTopics":1008,"relatedElements":1012,"seoKeywords":1013,"relatedReferences":1021,"tableTitle":1023,"tableDescription":1024,"seoTitle":1025},23,"phase-diagrams","Phase Diagrams of Water and Carbon Dioxide","Phase Diagrams","gases-liquids","Interactive pressure-temperature phase diagrams for water and carbon dioxide. Click or tap anywhere to identify the phase at that temperature and pressure; points on a curve read as the two-phase equilibrium, and the triple and critical points announce themselves. Vapor curves are Clausius-Clapeyron fits through measured reference points; fusion lines are anchored linear fits.","Interactive pressure-temperature phase diagrams of water and CO₂: triple points, critical points, dry-ice sublimation, and supercritical fluids.",{"type":6,"diagrams":13},[14,533],{"key":15,"name":16,"formula":17,"tMin":18,"tMax":19,"pMinLog":20,"pMaxLog":21,"triple":22,"critical":26,"atOneAtm":30,"fusionSlope":33,"curves":34},"water","Water (H₂O)","H₂O",-40,420,-1,4.6,{"t":23,"p":24,"label":25},0.01,0.6137,"Triple point (0.01 °C, ≈0.61 kPa)",{"t":27,"p":28,"label":29},374,22060,"Critical point (374 °C, 22060 kPa)",{"melt":31,"boil":32},0,100,"negative",{"sublimation":35,"vaporization":216,"fusion":398},[36,38,41,44,47,50,53,56,59,62,65,68,71,74,77,80,83,86,89,92,95,98,101,104,107,110,113,116,119,122,125,128,131,134,137,140,143,146,149,152,155,158,161,164,167,170,173,176,179,182,185,188,191,194,197,200,203,206,209,212,215],[18,37],0.018,[39,40],-39.33,0.0193,[42,43],-38.67,0.0206,[45,46],-38,0.0221,[48,49],-37.33,0.0236,[51,52],-36.67,0.0253,[54,55],-36,0.027,[57,58],-35.33,0.0289,[60,61],-34.67,0.0308,[63,64],-34,0.0329,[66,67],-33.33,0.0351,[69,70],-32.66,0.0375,[72,73],-32,0.04,[75,76],-31.33,0.0427,[78,79],-30.66,0.0455,[81,82],-30,0.0485,[84,85],-29.33,0.0516,[87,88],-28.66,0.055,[90,91],-28,0.0585,[93,94],-27.33,0.0623,[96,97],-26.66,0.0662,[99,100],-26,0.0704,[102,103],-25.33,0.0749,[105,106],-24.66,0.0796,[108,109],-24,0.0846,[111,112],-23.33,0.0898,[114,115],-22.66,0.0953,[117,118],-22,0.1012,[120,121],-21.33,0.1074,[123,124],-20.66,0.1139,[126,127],-19.99,0.1208,[129,130],-19.33,0.128,[132,133],-18.66,0.1357,[135,136],-17.99,0.1437,[138,139],-17.33,0.1522,[141,142],-16.66,0.1612,[144,145],-15.99,0.1706,[147,148],-15.33,0.1805,[150,151],-14.66,0.1909,[153,154],-13.99,0.2019,[156,157],-13.33,0.2135,[159,160],-12.66,0.2256,[162,163],-11.99,0.2384,[165,166],-11.33,0.2518,[168,169],-10.66,0.266,[171,172],-9.99,0.2808,[174,175],-9.33,0.2964,[177,178],-8.66,0.3127,[180,181],-7.99,0.3299,[183,184],-7.33,0.3479,[186,187],-6.66,0.3668,[189,190],-5.99,0.3866,[192,193],-5.32,0.4074,[195,196],-4.66,0.4292,[198,199],-3.99,0.452,[201,202],-3.32,0.4759,[204,205],-2.66,0.501,[207,208],-1.99,0.5273,[210,211],-1.32,0.5548,[213,214],-0.66,0.5836,[23,24],[217,218,221,224,227,230,233,236,239,242,245,248,251,254,257,260,263,266,269,272,275,278,280,283,286,289,292,295,298,301,304,307,310,313,316,319,322,325,328,331,334,337,340,343,346,349,352,355,358,361,364,367,370,373,376,379,382,385,388,391,394,397],[23,24],[219,220],4,0.8133,[222,223],10,1.2266,[225,226],15,1.7065,[228,229],20,2.3331,[231,232],22,2.6398,[234,235],25,3.1731,[237,238],30,4.2396,[240,241],35,5.6262,[243,244],40,7.3727,[246,247],45,9.5859,[249,250],50,12.3323,[252,253],55,15.732,[255,256],60,19.9183,[258,259],65,24.9979,[261,262],70,31.1574,[264,265],75,38.5434,[267,268],80,47.3426,[270,271],85,57.8084,[273,274],90,70.1007,[276,277],95,84.5128,[32,279],101.3247,[281,282],106.85,127.4247,[284,285],113.7,158.952,[287,288],120.55,196.7601,[290,291],127.4,241.7901,[293,294],134.25,295.0735,[296,297],141.1,357.735,[299,300],147.95,430.9946,[302,303],154.8,516.1692,[305,306],161.65,614.6736,[308,309],168.5,728.0213,[311,312],175.35,857.8246,[314,315],182.2,1005.794,[317,318],189.05,1173.7379,[320,321],195.9,1363.5607,[323,324],202.75,1577.2612,[326,327],209.6,1816.9309,[329,330],216.45,2084.7506,[332,333],223.3,2382.9883,[335,336],230.15,2713.9952,[338,339],237,3080.2027,[341,342],243.85,3484.118,[344,345],250.7,3928.3204,[347,348],257.55,4415.4567,[350,351],264.4,4948.2366,[353,354],271.25,5529.4284,[356,357],278.1,6161.8538,[359,360],284.95,6848.3829,[362,363],291.8,7591.9296,[365,366],298.65,8395.4463,[368,369],305.5,9261.9188,[371,372],312.35,10194.3614,[374,375],319.2,11195.8116,[377,378],326.05,12269.3253,[380,381],332.9,13417.9719,[383,384],339.75,14644.829,[386,387],346.6,15952.9783,[389,390],353.45,17345.5003,[392,393],360.3,18825.4702,[395,396],367.15,20395.9531,[27,28],[399,401,403,405,407,409,411,413,415,417,419,422,424,426,428,430,433,435,438,441,444,447,450,452,455,458,461,464,467,470,473,476,479,482,485,488,491,494,497,500,503,506,509,512,515,518,521,524,527,530],[23,400],0.61,[23,402],0.77,[23,404],0.97,[23,406],1.22,[23,408],1.54,[23,410],1.94,[23,412],2.44,[23,414],3.08,[23,416],3.87,[23,418],4.87,[420,421],0.009,6.14,[420,423],7.73,[420,425],9.73,[420,427],12.24,[420,429],15.42,[431,432],0.008,19.41,[431,434],24.43,[436,437],0.007,30.76,[439,440],0.006,38.72,[442,443],0.005,48.75,[445,446],0.004,61.37,[448,449],0.002,77.26,[31,451],97.26,[453,454],-0.002,122.45,[456,457],-0.005,154.15,[459,460],-0.009,194.07,[462,463],-0.014,244.32,[465,466],-0.02,307.58,[468,469],-0.028,387.22,[471,472],-0.038,487.48,[474,475],-0.051,613.7,[477,478],-0.067,772.6,[480,481],-0.087,972.65,[483,484],-0.112,1224.49,[486,487],-0.143,1541.54,[489,490],-0.183,1940.69,[492,493],-0.233,2443.18,[495,496],-0.295,3075.79,[498,499],-0.374,3872.19,[501,502],-0.474,4874.79,[504,505],-0.599,6137,[507,508],-0.757,7726.03,[510,511],-0.956,9726.49,[513,514],-1.206,12244.92,[516,517],-1.521,15415.45,[519,520],-1.917,19406.9,[522,523],-2.416,24431.84,[525,526],-3.044,30757.86,[528,529],-3.835,38721.85,[531,532],-3.943,39810.72,{"key":534,"name":535,"formula":536,"tMin":537,"tMax":255,"pMinLog":538,"pMaxLog":21,"triple":539,"critical":543,"atOneAtm":547,"fusionSlope":549,"curves":550},"co2","Carbon dioxide (CO₂)","CO₂",-110,0.5,{"t":540,"p":541,"label":542},-56.6,518,"Triple point (−56.6 °C, 518 kPa)",{"t":544,"p":545,"label":546},31,7370,"Critical point (31 °C, 7370 kPa)",{"sublime":548},-78.5,"positive",{"sublimation":551,"vaporization":732,"fusion":912},[552,554,557,560,563,566,569,572,575,578,581,584,587,590,593,596,599,602,605,608,611,614,617,620,623,626,629,632,635,638,641,644,647,650,653,656,659,662,665,668,671,674,677,680,683,686,689,692,695,698,701,704,707,710,713,716,719,722,725,728,731],[537,553],4.4965,[555,556],-109.11,4.9915,[558,559],-108.22,5.5347,[561,562],-107.33,6.1303,[564,565],-106.44,6.7825,[567,568],-105.55,7.4961,[570,571],-104.66,8.276,[573,574],-103.77,9.1276,[576,577],-102.88,10.0564,[579,580],-101.99,11.0687,[582,583],-101.1,12.1707,[585,586],-100.21,13.3694,[588,589],-99.32,14.672,[591,592],-98.43,16.0863,[594,595],-97.54,17.6205,[597,598],-96.65,19.2833,[600,601],-95.76,21.0839,[603,604],-94.87,23.0321,[606,607],-93.98,25.1383,[609,610],-93.09,27.4133,[612,613],-92.2,29.8687,[615,616],-91.31,32.5168,[618,619],-90.42,35.3703,[621,622],-89.53,38.443,[624,625],-88.64,41.7489,[627,628],-87.75,45.3033,[630,631],-86.86,49.1219,[633,634],-85.97,53.2214,[636,637],-85.08,57.6193,[639,640],-84.19,62.334,[642,643],-83.3,67.3847,[645,646],-82.41,72.7918,[648,649],-81.52,78.5763,[651,652],-80.63,84.7606,[654,655],-79.74,91.368,[657,658],-78.85,98.4226,[660,661],-77.96,105.9501,[663,664],-77.07,113.977,[666,667],-76.18,122.5311,[669,670],-75.29,131.6416,[672,673],-74.4,141.3385,[675,676],-73.51,151.6537,[678,679],-72.62,162.6199,[681,682],-71.73,174.2716,[684,685],-70.84,186.6444,[687,688],-69.95,199.7756,[690,691],-69.06,213.7039,[693,694],-68.17,228.4695,[696,697],-67.28,244.1143,[699,700],-66.39,260.6817,[702,703],-65.5,278.2168,[705,706],-64.61,296.7665,[708,709],-63.72,316.3793,[711,712],-62.83,337.1057,[714,715],-61.94,358.9979,[717,718],-61.05,382.11,[720,721],-60.16,406.498,[723,724],-59.27,432.2199,[726,727],-58.38,459.3358,[729,730],-57.49,487.9078,[540,541],[733,734,737,740,743,746,749,752,755,758,761,764,767,770,773,776,779,782,785,788,791,794,797,800,803,806,809,812,815,818,821,824,827,830,833,836,839,842,845,848,851,854,857,860,863,866,869,872,875,878,881,884,887,890,893,896,899,902,905,908,911],[540,541],[735,736],-55.14,550.9885,[738,739],-53.68,585.5966,[741,742],-52.22,621.8775,[744,745],-50.76,659.8853,[747,748],-49.3,699.6743,[750,751],-47.84,741.2998,[753,754],-46.38,784.8175,[756,757],-44.92,830.2836,[759,760],-43.46,877.7551,[762,763],-42,927.2892,[765,766],-40.54,978.9438,[768,769],-39.08,1032.7772,[771,772],-37.62,1088.8481,[774,775],-36.16,1147.2155,[777,778],-34.7,1207.9391,[780,781],-33.24,1271.0787,[783,784],-31.78,1336.6944,[786,787],-30.32,1404.8469,[789,790],-28.86,1475.5967,[792,793],-27.4,1549.0051,[795,796],-25.94,1625.1331,[798,799],-24.48,1704.0423,[801,802],-23.02,1785.7942,[804,805],-21.56,1870.4507,[807,808],-20.1,1958.0736,[810,811],-18.64,2048.7248,[813,814],-17.18,2142.4665,[816,817],-15.72,2239.3607,[819,820],-14.26,2339.4696,[822,823],-12.8,2442.8552,[825,826],-11.34,2549.5797,[828,829],-9.88,2659.7051,[831,832],-8.42,2773.2933,[834,835],-6.96,2890.4063,[837,838],-5.5,3011.1058,[840,841],-4.04,3135.4534,[843,844],-2.58,3263.5105,[846,847],-1.12,3395.3385,[849,850],0.34,3530.9984,[852,853],1.8,3670.551,[855,856],3.26,3814.057,[858,859],4.72,3961.5766,[861,862],6.18,4113.17,[864,865],7.64,4268.8969,[867,868],9.1,4428.8167,[870,871],10.56,4592.9885,[873,874],12.02,4761.471,[876,877],13.48,4934.3227,[879,880],14.94,5111.6014,[882,883],16.4,5293.3647,[885,886],17.86,5479.6699,[888,889],19.32,5670.5736,[891,892],20.78,5866.1321,[894,895],22.24,6066.4011,[897,898],23.7,6271.436,[900,901],25.16,6481.2916,[903,904],26.62,6696.0223,[906,907],28.08,6915.6819,[909,910],29.54,7140.3235,[544,545],[913,914,917,920,923,926,929,932,935,938,941,944,947,950,953,956,959,962,965,968],[540,541],[915,916],-56.572,652.12,[918,919],-56.536,820.97,[921,922],-56.491,1033.55,[924,925],-56.435,1301.16,[927,928],-56.364,1638.06,[930,931],-56.274,2062.2,[933,934],-56.162,2596.15,[936,937],-56.02,3268.36,[939,940],-55.841,4114.62,[942,943],-55.617,5180,[945,946],-55.334,6521.23,[948,949],-54.978,8209.75,[951,952],-54.529,10335.46,[954,955],-53.965,13011.57,[957,958],-53.254,16380.6,[960,961],-52.36,20621.95,[963,964],-51.233,25961.5,[966,967],-49.815,32683.59,[969,532],-48.312,[971,975,979,982,985],{"key":972,"label":973,"type":974},"substance","Substance","chem",{"key":976,"label":977,"type":978},"triple","Triple Point","text",{"key":980,"label":981,"type":978},"critical","Critical Point",{"key":983,"label":984,"type":978},"atOneAtm","Behavior at 1 atm",{"key":986,"label":987,"type":978},"fusionSlope","Fusion-Line Slope",[989,994],{"substance":16,"triple":990,"critical":991,"atOneAtm":992,"fusionSlope":993},"0.01 °C, 0.61 kPa","374 °C, 22060 kPa","Melts at 0 °C, boils at 100 °C","Negative (ice is less dense than liquid water)",{"substance":535,"triple":995,"critical":996,"atOneAtm":997,"fusionSlope":998},"−56.6 °C, 518 kPa","31 °C, 7370 kPa","Sublimes at −78.5 °C (no liquid at 1 atm)","Positive (solid denser than liquid, the usual case)",2,{"label":1001},"Triple- and critical-point data and enthalpies of transition (ΔHvap = 40.7 kJ/mol, ΔHfus = 6.02 kJ/mol) from standard thermochemical tables; water vapor pressures below 100 °C from the Water Vapor Pressure reference. Vaporization and sublimation curves are Clausius-Clapeyron fits through these points; fusion lines are linear fits through the 1 atm transition points, with the CO₂ melting slope anchored to the NIST melting curve (NIST IR 8608).",[1003,1004,1005,1006,1007],"Reading the diagram: each curve is a two-phase equilibrium; crossing a curve is a phase transition. The three curves meet at the TRIPLE POINT (all three phases coexist); the liquid-gas curve ENDS at the CRITICAL POINT, beyond which liquid and gas merge into a supercritical fluid.","Dry ice sublimes at 1 atm because CO₂'s triple-point pressure (518 kPa, about 5.1 atm) sits ABOVE atmospheric pressure: at 1 atm there is no temperature at which liquid CO₂ exists. Liquid CO₂ appears only above 518 kPa.","Water's fusion line leans slightly LEFT (negative slope): higher pressure melts ice, because ice is less dense than liquid water. CO₂'s fusion line leans right, the usual case.","The pressure axis is logarithmic; it spans from below 1 kPa to beyond the critical pressures.","Water's vaporization curve below 100 °C follows the tabulated vapor pressures of water (see the Water Vapor Pressure reference); the 100 °C to critical stretch, both sublimation curves, and CO₂'s vaporization curve are Clausius-Clapeyron fits through the reference points. The fusion lines are linear fits through the 1 atm transition points, with CO₂'s melting slope anchored to the NIST melting curve.",[1009,1010,1011],"intermolecular-forces-and-phase-changes","gases-and-gas-laws","thermochemistry",[],[1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020],"phase diagram water","phase diagram CO2","triple point","critical point supercritical fluid","dry ice sublimation phase diagram","negative slope fusion line water","interactive phase diagram",[1022],"water-vapor-pressure","Triple Points, Critical Points, and Behavior at 1 atm","Click the interactive diagram to identify the phase; the table lists the key points for water and CO₂.","Phase Diagrams of Water and CO₂",1787246032964]